Shaped heat sinks to optimize flow

ABSTRACT

A heat sink with shape-optimized fins provides for improved heat transfer. Synthetic jets create vortices which enhance heat transfer and cooling of downstream fins, while the shape of the fins limits pressure drop in the flow over the cooling fins.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority and benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/285,564, entitled “ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE AND METHOD”filed on 11 Dec. 2009, which is incorporated in its entirety herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The systems and techniques described relate generally to thermalmanagement systems, and more particularly, to systems and methods forpackaging synthetic jets.

DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART

As the size of semiconductor devices has continued to shrink and circuitdensities have increased accordingly, thermal management of thesedevices has become more challenging. In the past, thermal management insemiconductor devices was often addressed through the use of forcedconvective air cooling, either alone or in conjunction with various heatsink devices, and was accomplished through the use of fans. However,simple fan-based cooling systems can be limited by several factors,including the physical constraints of the system to be cooled, the poweravailable to run the fan, and noise associated with fan operation. Whilesome applications may be able to generate cooling flow with a smallerfan, or with systems other than fans, such systems limit the amount ofcooling flow, and therefore the total heat transfer available from suchsystems.

For electronic equipment cooling, the use of synthetic jets inconjunction with cooling fans can sometimes be used to improve theefficiency of heat removal. However, there is a need in the art forfurther improvements in such cooling systems to improve the overallefficiency of such systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

In accordance with an embodiment of the systems described herein, acooling system includes a base, a flow generator and an array of fins.The base is thermally connected to an object to be cooled and the flowgenerator provides for a cooling fluid flow across a surface of thebase. The array of fins is thermally coupled to the base, each fin ofthe array extending in a vertical direction from the base and having aninternal cavity that extends along the vertical direction within thefin, and a plurality of openings disposed on a downstream side of thefin relative to the cooling fluid flow. The openings provide fluidcommunication between the internal cavity and the cooling fluid flow.The array includes a first fin, a first synthetic jet, and a second fin.The first fin has a first cross-section shape taken in a plane normal tothe vertical direction. The first pulsing synthetic jet is coupled tothe internal cavity of the first fin. The second fin has a secondcross-section shape taken in a plane normal to the vertical direction,disposed such that a chord of the first fin and a chord of the secondfin are disposed along a single array line substantially parallel to thebulk motion of the cooling fluid flow. The first pulsing synthetic jetproduces a flow oscillation at the plurality of openings on the firstfin and the interaction of the flow oscillation with the cooling fluidflow produces a pair of vortices. A first vortex is shed from a firstlateral side of the first fin, and a second vortex is shed from a secondlateral side of the first fin. The first fin and the second fin arespaced longitudinally apart such that the first vortex passes to thefirst lateral side of the second fin and the second vortex passes to thesecond lateral side of the second fin.

In a further aspect of an embodiment of these systems, the firstcross-section is symmetric about the chord of the first fin. Further,the downstream end of the first cross-section comprises a bifurcatedrear surface normal to the chord and the rear surface has a recess whichextends upstream from the rear surface and divides the rear surface intotwo laterally separate portions.

In another aspect of an embodiment of these systems, the secondcross-section is symmetric about the chord of the second fin, and theupstream end of the second cross-section has an aerodynamic shape with aleading edge disposed upon the array line and a rounded surface that isnormal to the chord at the leading edge.

In yet another aspect of the systems described herein, the leading edgeof any fin downstream of another fin in an array is disposed behind thebifurcated rear surface of the adjacent upstream fin by a distancebetween about 80% and about 120% of the maximum lateral width of the fincross-section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES

The techniques and systems are described herein with reference to thedrawings which contain the following figures, in which like referencenumerals indicate like parts:

FIG. 1 illustrates a cooling system in accordance with one embodimentdescribed herein;

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of an aerodynamic fin in accordancewith one embodiment described herein;

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of an inverted fin in accordance withone embodiment described herein;

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of a hybrid fin in accordance withone embodiment described herein;

FIG. 5 illustrates a pair of adjacent fins in accordance with oneembodiment described herein;

FIG. 6 illustrates an array of fins from FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 illustrates an arrangement of arrays of FIG. 6 in accord with anembodiment described herein;

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternate arrangement of arrays as described withrespect to one embodiment herein; and

FIG. 9 illustrates yet another arrangement of arrays of fins asdescribed with respect to another embodiment herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As noted above, many cooling applications depend on forced convection toremove thermal losses from temperature limited electronic devices. For acommon electronics cooling solution requiring dissipation of 20 Watts ormore of heat flow, a heat sink and fan are commonly used, especially forvolume-constrained applications. The heat sink can be thermally attachedto an individual device, to a number of devices via a board or perhapsmodule casing, or to a still larger system level casing. There arevarious heat sink types, for example, extruded fin, bonded fin, andfolded fin. Factors to consider when deciding which type to specify foran application include the volume, surface area, material compatibility,fin efficiency, weight, cost, and attachment method, among others. Thefan provides mechanical work to drive air through the heat sink. Itrequires power to do so, almost always in the form of electrical power.The fan volumetric flow rate, pressure rise, and fan efficiencycharacterize the fan power. The flow rate and pressure drop are stronglycoupled to the heat sink design and performance. It is often desirableto optimize the heat sink design and performance for the lowest fanpower.

While many variations of such systems will be known to those of skill inthe art, it will be recognized that for any given combination, the useof a shape-optimized fin in combination with synthetic jets can providea system that enhances the effective cooling of the same amount ofcooling flow. This can be of special benefit for systems where powerusage is to be minimized or cooling flow is limited or restricted.

Synthetic jets have been used for flow control in systems, and are oftenused to trigger turbulence in boundary layers of flow over a syntheticjet aperture. Use of synthetic jets in heat transfer has also beenperformed in the art. Such techniques have included using directimpingement of flow generated or excited by the synthetic jets on heatedsurfaces to be cooled. In particular, such systems may be effective inpulsing and disrupting the boundary caused by fan flow over coolingsurfaces, such as fins, which can improve the heat transfer from thesurface to the flow compared with forced convection.

While such systems combining synthetic jets with other cooling flow haveprovided improvements in cooling performance (as measured by acoefficient of performance calculated as the ratio of the heat energyremoved to the energy input), further improvement in the performance ofsuch cooling systems can be achieved by choosing particular shapes andconfigurations of heat sink features, such as cooling fins, in order tobest utilize the effects of the synthetic jet upon the cooling flow.

One exemplary system that will be used in describing such an improvedsystem is discussed below with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows asystem 100 that includes a device to be cooled, in this case anelectronic component 110, a fan 120, and a heat sink 130 that includes abase 140 and projections, in this case fins 150. In general operation,the fan provides a cooling flow 160 of air, or another cooling fluid,that passes over the heat sink. The heat sink is connected to theelectronic component in a way that provides for thermal communication ofheat from the device to the heat sink. This heat flows through the heatsink base and into the cooling fins, which have surfaces over which flowfrom the fan passes, transferring heat into the cooling flow and passingit out of the system.

The fins 150 are arranged in an array 170. The array of fins representsa single group of fins that operate together as will be described inmore detail below. In many practical embodiments, multiple arrays offins will be disposed on the base 140. Some possible arrangements ofsuch arrays will be discussed in greater detail below. The relationbetween the fins within a single array will be discussed first.

It will be appreciated that this generic system may be embodied using avariety of different configurations and alternatives for the variouscomponents identified. For instance, a system other than a fan 120 maybe used to provide the cooling flow 160. In varying embodiments, such aflow may be generated by natural convection, pressure gradients causedby gravity or centrifugal force, the motion of the heat sink 130 itselfthrough a stationary body of fluid, pumps, or other techniques as knownin the art. Similarly, the component to be cooled need not be anelectronic component, but could be any device that requires cooling.

Although the illustrated embodiment shows the heat sink 130 disposeddirectly upon the electronic component 110, heat transfer systems thatdraw heat from the component to the heat sink may be used to allow fordifferent packaging between the component and heat removal components.In addition, combinations of various heat sink improvement devicesbeyond the fins 150 described may also be included, and in someinstances, the techniques described below may be used with suchcomponents as well as with the illustrated fins.

A variety of cooling fin shapes are known in the art, including radialfins, pin fins, and longitudinal fins. Although each may be used toprovide heat transfer between the base 140 and the flow 160, it isdesirable that the surface provide not only a good surface area fortransfer of heat, but also not cause any more pressure drop in thecooling flow than necessary. Increases in the pressure drop, which canbe associated with increased drag caused by the flow over the fins, willrequire more motive power from the fan or other flow generator, whichwill reduce the overall cooling efficiency of the system.

As noted above, the inclusion of synthetic jets can be used to improvethe heat transfer between the fins 150 and the flow 160. However, inorder to provide appropriate benefit to such synthetic jets withoutinducing additional pressure drop that reduces the performance of thesystem, it is desirable to properly shape and position the fins relativeto the cooling flow in a way that takes best advantage of the benefitsprovided by the synthetic jets. As discussed throughout, it will beunderstood that synthetic jets can be disposed in a variety of positionsand still be effective for the purposes described herein. In varyingembodiments, the synthetic jets may be disposed within the heat sinkbase, within a cover or other attachment that connects to the fins ofthe heat sink, within the heat sink fins themselves, or in any otherlocation that provides the ability to pulse flow at the openings 210 ofthe fins via the action of the synthetic jet.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, the flow 160 moves in a path over the base140. Although the path need not be precisely linear, the bulk motion ofthe flow across the base will generally follow a linear path away fromthe flow source (or other region of high pressure), and at any givenpoint, a direction of the bulk motion for the flow can be defined. Suchstreamlines (in steady state flow) define the path that the flow willtake, and at small scales, these paths can be considered linear. It willbe understood that curved paths are possible, and that the systems andtechniques described herein can be used with systems that have suchcurved paths. However, the exemplary embodiment shown will be based on alinear flow path.

A line along the base 140 that follows the flow path that will bereferred to as an “array line” 180 is shown in FIG. 1. As noted above,the flow 160 may not be purely linear, but the array line is intended tofollow the local path of the flow over the base. In the illustratedembodiment, the fins 150 are arranged in a way that align the chord ofthe fin with the bulk flow direction. By this arrangement, the flowalong a particular flow path associated with an array line will flowover and around each fin in a particular array 170.

Certain terms will be defined to address directions and axes within thefigures. A “vertical” direction will be defined as a direction generallyaway from base 140 of the heat sink 130 and normal to the surface of thebase. A “longitudinal” direction will be a direction along an axisgenerally aligned with the bulk motion of the flow along the base, andgenerally normal to the vertical direction. An “upstream” direction is adirection along the longitudinal axis from which the bulk flow comes,i.e. in a direction toward a higher pressure, while a “downstream”direction is in a direction in which the bulk flow proceeds, i.e.towards a lower pressure along the longitudinal axis. As defined, theseterms are meant to clarify the relation of the elements discussed, butshould not be taken to refer to any broader sense to components notdescribed. For instance, the presence of a cooling system within amoving vehicle should not be taken to require the “vertical” axis bealigned with gravity, or that the “downstream” direction be aligned withflow over the vehicle's exterior. A “lateral” direction is a directionnormal to the vertical and longitudinal directions.

As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1, a plurality of fins 150 may bedisposed along the array line 180 to form a single array 170. Each finmay have a generally constant external cross section as the fin extendsvertically. Although it will be recognized that the cross-section in aplane normal to the vertical direction may vary along the fin and thatthe described systems may be applied to such fins, the discussion belowwill treat the cross-section as a constant for the purposes ofsimplicity.

The illustrated fins 150 have a hollow space 190 within the fin, andeach fin has this space connected to a pulsing mechanism, such as asynthetic jet 191. The fin includes at least one opening 210 on thedownstream end of the fin that provides fluid communication between thehollow and the cooling flow, where a closed leading edge of the fin isfree of openings, and where closed sides are free of openings as clearlydepicted in FIG.1. In operation, the synthetic jet 191 providesalternating pressure pulses to the space within the fin that result inoscillating flow in and out of the openings.

The design and connection of such synthetic jets to the fins 150 isdescribed in further detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/759,899 entitled “CHASSIS WITH DISTRIBUTED JET COOLING”, filed on14 Apr. 2010, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/421,068entitled “HEAT SINKS WITH DISTRIBUTED AND INTEGRATED JET COOLING”, filedon 9 Apr. 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/911,995 entitled “THERMAL MANAGMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed on 26Oct. 2010, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference inits entirety. It will be appreciated that a variety of arrangements ofthe synthetic jet with respect to the fins may used without altering thebenefits of the systems described.

Various possible cross-sections for fins can be used. As discussedabove, it is beneficial in various embodiments to provide across-section that minimizes pressure drop caused by the presence of thefin in the flow, while also providing appropriate heat transfer betweenthe fin and the flow over the fin, and accommodating the benefits thatcan be provided by the synthetic jet. FIGS. 2-4 show some alternatecross-sections that may be used for embodiments of the fins 150.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary cross-section of a fin. This shape willbe referred to generally as an aerodynamic fin 250. The particularillustrated fin is based on a NACA 4 series airfoil. The fin has a chord255, defined as the line segment joining the leading edge 260 of the fin250 and the trailing edge. In the illustrated embodiment, the trailingedge is not a single point, but rather a rear surface 265. The chord isdrawn to the center of the rear surface. The cross-section is symmetricabout the chord 255. The rear surface 265 may be discontinuous becauseof the presence of the openings 210 in the rear surface of the fin 250.

The upstream side of the cross-section includes an aerodynamic shapethat is normal to the chord 255 at the leading edge 260 on the upstreamside of the fin, and curves smoothly back from the leading edge on eachside. A maximum lateral width is reached and then the width taperstoward the rear surface 265. Such an aerodynamic airfoil ischaracterized by having a low pressure drop. However, for a given amountof bulk flow and heat to be removed from the base, the aerodynamic finprovides less heat transfer compared to, for example, the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 3, below. This results a higher surface temperaturefor such fins.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of an alternate embodiment of a fin.This shape will be referred to as an inverted fin 270. The illustratedfin is again based on a NACA 4 series airfoil, but the airfoil isreversed within the flow so as to present a sharply pointed leading edge260 on the upstream side that gradually widens laterally to a maximumwidth. The trailing edge of the fin is truncated to a flat rear surface265, which again may be bifurcated by the presence of the opening 210 tothe hollow space 190 within the fin. Such a fin shape provides forenhanced heat transfer (which keeps the fin cooler for the same amountof heat dissipation and bulk flow), but causes a higher pressure dropthan a similarly sized aerodynamic fin, therefore requiring more energyto provide sufficient cooling flow.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of another embodiment of a fin thatprovides a combination of the features of the aerodynamic fin and theinverted fin. Fins with this cross-sectional shape will be referred toas hybrid fins 280. The hybrid fin uses an aerodynamic upstreamcross-section with a leading edge 260 normal to the chord 255 andcurving sides. The hybrid fin 280 then has sides parallel to the chordwhich maintain the maximum lateral width for a significant length of thefin. The downstream portion tapers slightly to a truncated rear surface265 similar to that of the inverted fin 270.

For comparable bulk flow and heat to be dissipated, the hybrid fin 280provides a heat transfer in between that of the inverted fin and theaerodynamic fin, while causing a pressure drop closer to that of theaerodynamic fin than the inverted fin. The overall result is that thehybrid fin 280 provides increased heat transfer performance for a givendriving power because of the lower pressure drop compared to the highheat-transfer cross-sections. This reduction in the need for drivingpower improves the coefficient of performance of this cross-sectionalshape.

In operation, we see that the hybrid shape particularly benefits frominteractions of the synthetic jets with the flow over the fins 150downstream from those jets. This will be discussed further withreference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows two fins 150 of a single array 170.These fins are adjacent in the array, that is, moving downstream alongthe array line 180, no other fins are found between the two illustratedfins. The operation of the synthetic jet within the upstream fin 300causes a series of vortices 310 to be periodically shed from theupstream fin. These vortices are caused by the interaction of theoscillating flow through the opening 210 in the fin and the cooling flow160 around the lateral sides of the fin.

As each vortex 310 is shed from one of the sides of the upstream fin300, it propagates downstream with the cooling flow 160, producingenhanced mixing within the flow. As the vortex reaches the downstreamfin 320, it is desirable that the vortex pass along one lateral side orthe other of the downstream fin, rather than impinging directly upon theleading edge 260, or being deflected away from the downstream fin. Asthe vortex passes along the surface of the downstream fin, it provides amechanism for heat to move more effectively across the boundary at thesurface of the downstream blade, and it helps to prevent the thermalboundary layer along the downstream blade from thickening undesirably.

In order to place these vortices 310 so that they pass along the sidesof the downstream fin 320 and produce an effective control of thedownstream thermal boundary layer, it is desirable that the spacingbetween the rear surface 265 of the upstream fin 300 and the leadingedge 260 of the downstream fin be maintained at an appropriate distance.Although this distance can vary based upon various flow parameters, inone embodiment, the separation between the rear surface of the upstreamfin and the leading edge of the downstream fin is approximately equal tothe maximum lateral thickness of the fin. In other embodiments, suchspacing may range from about 75%, about 80%, or about 90% of the maximumfin thickness to about 110%, about 120% or about 125% of the maximum finthickness. By use of the shed vortices to control the boundary layers ofthe downstream fin, the pulsing action of the synthetic jets allows forenhanced cooling performance of the fins without increasing the bulkcooling flow rate and with relatively low power input.

As each vortex 310 passes along the downstream fin 320, the strength ofthe vortex will dissipate. Each fin is sized to desirably allow thevortex to dissipate sufficiently to not interfere with the flow aroundany fins further downstream of the downstream fin, while still producingeffective cooling benefits. In one embodiment, the hybrid fin has achord length equal to about 5.5 times the maximum lateral width. Inother embodiments, this ratio may be within the range from about 4.5 to6.5 times the maximum lateral width of the fin.

As shown, the shape of the heat sink can be an important factor inobtaining low thermal resistance and high heat transfer while limitingthe pressure drop across the array as a whole. The synthetic jets areembedded inside the fins such that in effect, each synthetic jet coolsthe leading edge and surface of the next adjacent downstream fin.

Although FIG. 5 shows a single upstream/downstream pair of fins 150, itwill be appreciated that the same mechanism may be used at each of theplurality of fins within an array 170, as shown in FIG. 6. By using thismechanism at each fin/fin interaction within the array, the action ofthe synthetic jets can be used to maintain effective cooling at each finin the array, while minimizing the disruptions caused to the downstreamflow by those fins located upstream. Also note that the action of thesynthetic jet in any fin is directed to primarily benefit the flow overthe adjacent downstream fin. While not required, beneficial results maybe observed when the primary shed vortices 310 interact with theadjacent fin immediately downstream of the upstream fin 300 only.

Also, note that the array 170 need not include identical fins 150 atevery station along the array line 180. In particular, it should benoted that the most upstream fin may not receive any benefit fromsynthetic jet induced alterations in its flow, so there may beadvantages to altering the upstream side contour of this fin or providealternate means, such as independent synthetic jet pulsing from the base140 to assist in the heat transfer of the most upstream blade.

Similarly, the most downstream blade in the array 170 need not include asynthetic jet if there is no benefit to providing further vortices 310or mixing downstream of that blade. Such alterations of the initial andfinal fins 150 in the array do not alter the techniques described, butmay be combined with these techniques to provide an overall improvementin cooling system design.

Having discussed a single array 170, it will be recognized that multiplearrays of fins 150 may be disposed upon a single base 140 in order toprovide for improved performance. Some exemplary configurations arediscussed below.

FIG. 7 illustrates a base 140 having multiple parallel arrays 180. Eacharray is aligned with the flow, making such an arrangement suitable whenthe flow over the entire base is substantially parallel. It will beappreciated that the lateral spacing of the arrays may beaerodynamically significant, and in particular, in order to avoid havingthe vortices shed from the fins of one array interfere with the flowover the laterally adjacent array, sufficient spacing may be desired. Inone exemplary embodiment, the spacing between adjacent arrays is suchthat the array lines are separated by a distance approximately twice themaximum thickness of the fins 150 within the arrays 180. This providesfor a minimum of approximately one fin-thickness of lateral spacebetween any laterally adjacent blades. In varying embodiments, suchspacing may range anywhere from about 170% of the maximum fin thickness,180% of the maximum thickness, or 190% of the maximum thickness to about210%, 220% or 230% of the maximum blade thickness.

Spacing may also be adjusted in other ways, such as by usinglongitudinally offset arrays as illustrated in FIG. 8. Although thearray lines 180 are parallel, just as in FIG. 7, the leading edge of thefirst blade in each array is offset along the array line so that thefins in one array do not line up longitudinally with the fins in thelaterally adjacent array. A pattern with two different longitudinaloffsets is illustrated, but it will be appreciated that configurationswith multiple offsets can be produced.

Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 9. This arrangement of arrays 170shows arrays that are parallel to the local flow at different areas, butare not parallel to one another. In particular, this radial arrangementof array lines 180 can be effective when, for example, a cooling flow isblown down at the base from above, and then spreads radially from thecenter of the impingement of the bulk flow upon the base 140. As notedabove, each array has essentially linear flow, however, the flow isdivergent from a central location so that one array is not parallel tothe adjacent arrays.

Although not described herein, a variety of control systems to managethe frequency and phase of synthetic jet pulsing can be used to provideappropriate flow within the arrays. For instance, synchronous pulsing ofall jets within a single array may be effective for providing effectiveflow within an array in one embodiment. In other embodiments, staggeredpulsing of jets may produce better effects, or may help to minimize theeffect of one array upon an adjacent array if the arrays are pulsed outof sequence. It will be understood that a variety of such controlschemes and systems may be used to enhance the desired effects.

The various embodiments described herein may be examples of shaped heatsinks for improved cooling. Any given embodiment may provide one or moreof the advantages recited, but need not provide all objects oradvantages recited for any other embodiment. Those skilled in the artwill recognize that the systems and techniques described herein may beembodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes oneadvantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarilyachieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggestedherein.

This written description may enable those of ordinary skill in the artto make and use embodiments having alternative elements that likewisecorrespond to the elements of the invention recited in the claims. Thescope of the invention thus includes compositions, structures, systemsand methods that do not differ from the literal language of the claims,and further includes other structures, systems and methods withinsubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. Whileonly certain features and embodiments have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications and changes may occur to one ofordinary skill in the relevant art. Thus, it is intended that the scopeof the invention disclosed should not be limited by the particulardisclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only bya fair reading of the claims that follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A cooling system comprising: a base thermallyconnected to an object to be cooled; a flow generator that provides fora cooling fluid flow across a surface of the base; a first array of finsthermally coupled to the base, each fin having an internal cavity withinthe fin, a closed leading edge that faces a direction from which thecooling fluid flow is flowing and that is free of openings, closed sidesfree of openings, and at least one opening disposed only on a downstreamside of the fin relative to the cooling fluid flow that provides fluidcommunication between the internal cavity and the cooling fluid flow,the first array of fins further comprising: a first fin having a firstcross-section shape; a first pulsing synthetic jet disposed within theinternal cavity of the first fin; a second fin having a secondcross-section shape, disposed such that a chord of the first fin and achord of the second fin are disposed along a single array linesubstantially parallel to a bulk motion of the cooling fluid flow,wherein the first pulsing synthetic jet produces a flow oscillation atthe at least one opening on the first fin and the interaction of theflow oscillation with the cooling fluid flow produces a pair ofvortices, a first vortex being shed from a first lateral side of thefirst fin, and a second vortex being shed from a second lateral side ofthe first fin, and wherein the first fin and second fin being spacedlongitudinally apart such that the first vortex passes to a firstlateral side of the second fin and the second vortex passes to a secondlateral side of the second fin.
 2. A cooling system as in claim 1,wherein the first cross-section is symmetric about the chord of thefirst fin, and a downstream end of the first cross-section comprises abifurcated rear surface normal to the chord, and wherein the at leastone opening comprises an opening defined by the bifurcated rear surface,the opening extending upstream from the rear surface and dividing therear surface into two laterally separate portions.
 3. A cooling systemas in claim 2, wherein the second cross-section is symmetric about thechord of the second fin, and an upstream end of the second cross-sectioncomprises an aerodynamic shape having a leading edge disposed upon thearray line and having a rounded surface that is normal to the chord atthe leading edge.
 4. A cooling system as in claim 3, wherein the leadingedge of the second fin is disposed behind the bifurcated rear surface ofthe first fin by a distance between about 80% and about 120% of themaximum lateral width of the first cross-section.
 5. A cooling system asin claim 3, wherein the cross-sections of the first fin and the secondfin comprise sides that are parallel to the chord and which connect adownstream portion of the rounded surface with the bifurcated rearsurface.
 6. A cooling system as in claim 1, further comprising a secondarray of fins.
 7. A cooling system as in claim 6, wherein the secondarray of fins is disposed along an array line parallel to the array lineof the first array of fins.
 8. A cooling system as in claim 6, wherein alateral distance between the array line of the first array of fins andthe array line of the second array of fins is between about 170% and230% of the maximum lateral width of the first cross section.
 9. Acooling system as in claim 1, further comprising: a third fin having athird cross-section shape taken in a plane normal to the verticaldirection, disposed such that a chord of the third fin lies along thearray line; a second pulsing synthetic jet coupled to the internalcavity of the second fin, wherein the second pulsing synthetic jetproduces a flow oscillation at the plurality of openings on the secondfin and the interaction of the flow oscillation and the cooling fluidflow produces at least a pair of vortices, a third vortex being shedfrom a first lateral side of the second fin, and a fourth vortex beingshed from a second lateral side of the second fin, and wherein thesecond fin and the third fin being spaced longitudinally apart such thatthe third vortex passes to a first lateral side of the third fin and thefourth vortex passes to a second lateral side of the third fin.
 10. Anarray of cooling fins disposed in a cooling flow, the array comprising:a plurality of fins disposed upon a base in thermal communication withan object to be cooled, each of the plurality of fins having across-section defining a leading edge, a chord, and a width of the fin,wherein the chord of each of the plurality of fins is disposed along anarray line that extends parallel to a bulk motion of the cooling flow,each fin comprising: an internal cavity; at least one opening disposedon a downstream side of the fin relative to the cooling flow; and apulsing synthetic jet disposed within the base or within the internalcavity of the fin; wherein the leading edge of each fin comprises aclosed leading edge that faces a direction from which the cooling fluidflow is flowing and that is free of openings, and closed sides free ofopenings; wherein the pulsing synthetic jet produces a flow oscillationat the at least one opening on each fin, and the interaction of the flowoscillation with the cooling flow produces a pair of vortices, a firstvortex being shed from a first lateral side of the fin, and a secondvortex being shed from a second lateral side of the fin, wherein eachfin is spaced apart longitudinally from an adjacent downstream fin inthe array such that the first vortex shed from a fin passes to a firstlateral side of the adjacent downstream fin and the second vortex passesto a second lateral side of the adjacent downstream fin.
 11. An array asin claim 10, wherein the cross-section is symmetric about the chord ofthe fin, and a downstream end of the cross-section comprises abifurcated rear surface normal to the chord, and wherein the at leastone opening comprises an opening defined by the bifurcated rear surface,which extends upstream from the rear surface and divides the rearsurface into two laterally separate portions.
 12. An array as in claim10, wherein the cross-section is symmetric about the chord of the secondfin, and an upstream end of the cross-section comprises an aerodynamicshape having a leading edge disposed upon the array line and having arounded surface that is normal to the chord at the leading edge.
 13. Anarray as in claim 11, wherein a leading edge of any fin downstream ofanother fin of the array is disposed behind the bifurcated rear surfaceof the adjacent upstream fin by a distance between about 80% and about120% of the maximum lateral width of the fin cross-section.
 14. An arrayas in claim 11, wherein the cross-section of the fin comprises sidesthat are parallel to the chord and which connect a downstream portion ofthe rounded surface with the bifurcated rear surface.
 15. A coolingsystem comprising: a flow generator that generates a cooling fluid flow;a plurality of arrays of cooling fins disposed in the cooling flow,wherein each array of cooling fins comprises: a plurality of finsdisposed upon a base in thermal communication with an object to becooled, each of the plurality of fins having a cross-section defining aleading edge, a chord, and a width of the fin, wherein the leading edgeis positioned and oriented to face the cooling fluid flow generated bythe flow generator and the chord of each of the plurality of fins isdisposed along an array line that extends parallel to a bulk motion ofthe cooling flow, each fin comprising: an internal cavity; at least oneopening disposed on a downstream side of the fin relative to the coolingflow; sides extending between the leading edge and the downstream sidethat are free of openings; and a pulsing synthetic jet disposed withinthe base or within the internal cavity of the fin; wherein the leadingedge comprises a closed surface free of openings, such that the coolingflow is caused to blow past and around the leading edge; wherein thepulsing synthetic jet produces a flow oscillation at the at least oneopening on each fin, and the interaction of the flow oscillation withthe cooling flow produces a pair of vortices, a first vortex being shedfrom a first lateral side of the fin, and a second vortex being shedfrom a second lateral side of the fin; and wherein each fin is spacedlongitudinally from an adjacent downstream fin in the array such thatthe first vortex shed from a fin passes to a first lateral side of theadjacent downstream fin and the second vortex passes to a second lateralside of the adjacent downstream fin.
 16. A cooling system as in claim15, wherein the plurality of arrays has array lines that are parallel toone another.
 17. A cooling system as in claim 16, wherein a lateraldistance between the array lines of the plurality of arrays is betweenabout 170% and 230% of the maximum lateral width of the cross section.